外用药物制剂药品生产质量管理规范实施现状分析与研究

本文从外用药物制剂实施现状出发,通过在数据调研和大量文献收集的基础上,对从药品生产质量管理规范(GMP)的发展及其在我国的推行历史角度,分析并阐述了现阶段外用药物制剂GMP的实施状况,并对某制药集团属下25家药企实施2010版GMP的现状进行调查分析。由于历史发展的原因促使药品管理尚未完全规范以外,GMP标准的过时性和落后性影响了我国GMP工作的深入实施。只有保证了日常的GMP实施,才能有效地保证药品生产的高质量、低风险,有效地促进药品生产的质量保障,使药品真正达到国际水平,走向现代化、国际化。     

基于物质流分析的丹红注射液制药过程质量控制研究

[目的] 通过研究丹红注射液生产过程的中间工序物料化学成分分析数据和紫外光谱分析数据,阐明生产过程中各成分的含量变化与转移规律,辨析关键生产工序和关键质控指标,建立各个工序的质量监测模型以保障丹红注射液质量一致性。[方法] 收集丹红工业生产数据32个批次7个工序中间产品物料,以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定9个主要化学成分含量,并同时采集紫外光谱数据。通过分析各化学成分的相对标准偏差,确定各个成分含量的批次间一致性。通过各个化学成分在每个工序中的收率与物料衡算分析,确定各工序对成分变化的影响及相应的变化原因。以主成分得分、Hotelling-T2、DModX等指标,建立并比较了丹红注射液各工序的基于HPLC数据和紫外光谱数据的质量监测模型。[结果] 丹红注射液主要化学成分在各个工序中均具有较好的批次间质量一致性,RSD均在10%以内。物料衡算结果显示丹酚酸A存在化学转化,其他成分以物理转移为主。以HPLC和UV光谱数据建立了丹红注射液各工序的生产监测模型。[结论] 丹红注射液制药过程物质流分析可以明确药效物质的含量变化与转移规律,辨析关键生产工序和关键质控指标,并以此建立质量监测模型。     

Systemic model of chronic benzodiazepine use among mature adults

Objectives: Our goal was to build a systemic model of chronic use among community-dwelling mature benzodiazepine (BZD) users. BZDs are commonly prescribed for symptoms of anxiety and/or insomnia despite their documented side effects over time.

Method: We conducted in-depth interviews with 23 mature (50 years and over) users, 14 women and 9 men, as well as 9 general practitioners and 11 pharmacists. We chose the grounded theory approach for our analysis.

Results: Results yielded a systemic model of chronic BZD use, illustrating onset and maintenance of use, and taking into account individual life context, intervening conditions (e.g. family and doctor--patient interactions) and structural factors (medicalization, ageism, influence of the media and pharmaceutical industry, etc.). Based on our findings, we suggest that intervention should go beyond medical issues and extend to the individual's perception of aging in the modern society, as well as attitudes of families and health professionals regarding long-term BZD use. Family members should be involved in the weaning process and adoption of new life habits. General practitioners should be better trained regarding geriatric psychosocial issues and offer alternatives to prescribe psychotropic drugs such as cognitive behavior therapy for insomnia. Also, as a society, we should reconsider the highly medicalized stance we take to compensate for age-related losses. The influential role of the pharmaceutical industry in the process is discussed.

Conclusion: We conclude that a predominantly biomedical perspective on human development diminishes patient-centered care within a socially contextualized, individual perspective.     

抗体药物的药学监护

近年来，抗体药物在自身免疫性疾病及肿瘤治疗领域表现非凡，成为当前药物研发的热点之一。与传统小分子药物相比，抗体药物具有结构功能复杂、药动学特殊及免疫原性等特点，使其对临床合理用药提出了新的挑战。本文以抗体药物的结构和药动学特征为基础，从抗体药物的有效性、安全性、经济性、免疫原性和药物警戒五个方面，阐述如何将药学监护手段应用于抗体药物，旨在为抗体药物的临床合理使用提供参考。     

Liquid Oil Marbles: Increasing the Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs

Many new therapeutic candidates and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are poorly soluble in an aqueous environment, resulting in their reduced bioavailability. A promising way of enhancing the release of an API and, thus, its bioavailability seems to be the use of liquid oil marbles (LOMs). An LOM system behaves as a solid form but consists of an oil droplet in which an already dissolved API is encapsulated by a powder. This study aims to optimize the oil/powder combination for the development of such systems. LOMs were successfully prepared for 15 oil/powder combinations, and the following properties were investigated: particle mass fraction, dissolution time, and mechanical stability. Furthermore, the release of API from both LOMs and LOMs encapsulated into gelatine capsules was studied.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）患者抗病毒用药监护的研究进展

为提高抗病毒药物在新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)患者尤其是需要多药联合患者中的合理性和安全性,结合《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案(试行第七版)》提到的抗病毒药物,通过查阅文献、搜集各抗病毒药物说明书和MCDEX合理用药信息支持系统的相关信息,总结这些抗病毒药物的临床药动学特征、药物相互作用及不良反应信息,提出合理的用药监护建议。从药动学和药物相互作用角度加强抗病毒药物在COVID-19患者中的用药监护,可提高药物使用安全性,保障患者的合理用药。     

Reduction in the environmental exposure of pharmaceuticals through diagnostics,Personalised Healthcare and other approaches. A mini review and discussion paper

Pharmaceuticals enter the environment from production, through incorrect disposal as well as from patient use and excretion. Patients’ excretions into wastewater have been judged to form the highest fraction of pharmaceuticals released to the environment. There are concepts and technologies available to address pharmaceuticals emissions from production, incorrect disposal and patient excretion. However, while normal physiological excretion in patients cannot be prevented, there may still be ways to optimise the administration of pharmaceuticals with a view to reducing environmental exposure, while ensuring satisfactory pharmacologically active concentrations in the patient. Towards this goal, state-of-the-art diagnostics emerge as critically important. Describing different approaches for a reduction of environmental exposure, specifically addressing interindividual differences in drug metabolism and personalised healthcare, with recognising antibiotics administration as a related problem, this paper is not strictly speaking a scientific research article but is meant to be more of a compilation of existing and new ideas and a thought-starter.     

Adverse drug reaction reporting in institutions across six Chinese provinces: a cross-sectional study

Background: Although China’s adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting and monitoring has developed rapidly, many challenges remain. This study assessed ADR monitoring and reporting in China and identified monitoring problems.

Research design and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted of ADR reporting institutions in six Chinese provinces in April–December 2014. Questionnaires assessed ADR systems, basic resources, and pharmacovigilance activity.

Results: Of 720 questionnaires distributed, the response rate was 81.8%. About 93% (n = 371) of pharmaceutical companies and medical institutions had established ADR monitoring departments/units. Few institutions (26%, n = 104) allocated an ADR budget; 7% (n = 30) had received ADR monitoring funding in the last year (2013). Almost all institutions (99%, n = 555) had computers and 47% (n = 263) had a network database. Many institutions conducted public education about drug safety (49%, n = 283), medicine utilization reviews/quality surveys (28%, n = 158), and medicine consultation services (88%, n = 511). Institutions in eastern, central, and western China differed significantly on implementation of existing regulations and pharmacovigilance activities.

Conclusions: The institutions surveyed have established ADR monitoring systems. However, these systems have flaws. Urgent improvements are needed in funding, basic resources, reporting processes, and other pharmacovigilance activities.